Example: STANAG 4285 analysis
The first example will be a NATO standard known as STANAG 4285. You can download a .wav sample from
HERE. We start to collect some information about the structure of this signal: a good starting point is the official declassified NATO document dated 1989. The main frame structure can be found at
Annex A-3/5 with a graphical view at
Annex A-7, also reported below:
1 x 80 bits of synchronization pattern
4 x 32 bits of data
3 x 16 bits of referenceTherefore, a full sequence will be composed as the sum of all symbols reported above: 256 symbols recursively transmitted at the ratio of 2400 bauds means a redundancy of 106.66 ms.
To analyze an unknown signal I strongly recommend
Signal Analyzer (SA). SA is actually one of the most valuable and priceless software available by Sergey Makarov (Макаров Сергей Михайлович, sadly passed away on 29 May 2012) and it used to perform several tests on data sample coded as .wav or .mp3 file. The signal waterfall is reported below: